Monday, 6 May 2013

The secret to a longer life



Summary

3 May 2013
Scientists believe they have found an area within the brain that controls the ageing process. In a series of experiments on mice, they found that changes to this region could shorten or lengthen the animal's lifespan. The study is published in the journal Nature.
Reporter:
Rebecca Morelle
Laboratory Mouse
Could this mouse help us to live longer?

Listen

Report

The hypothalamus is a small structure located deep within the brain. It plays a critical role in controlling growth, reproduction andmetabolism - but now it could hold the key to ageing too.

A team of scientists in the US looked at this region of the brain in mice. They found that blocking a chemical in this area increased the animals' lifespan. Healthy mice typically live for between 600 to 1000 days.

But the rodents in the study were living about a fifth longer without suffering problems that are common in old age, such as muscle loss or memory problems. Conversely, when the scientists boosted the substance in the hypothalamus, the animal's lifespan was shortened.

The researchers now want to fully understand the biological mechanism behind this process. They say the work could provide new insights into age-related diseases - and in the future even raisethe prospect of drugs that could increase our lifespan.

Vocabulary

SHOW ALL | HIDE ALL
a critical role
a very important part
reproduction
the process of creating new life
metabolism
how your body processes food to give energy and strength
lifespan
time that it lives for
typically
usually, normally
common
frequent, often occurring
conversely
in the opposite way
boosted
increased
biological mechanism
what happens inside the body, the way the body functions
the prospect
the possibility

Wednesday, 1 May 2013

Love lost on the Tiber




A man attaching padlocks to a bridge
Lovers in the Italian capital make a romantic gesture on a certain bridge in the city. But the local government is stopping the practice because they say it's damaging the structure.
In this week's 6 Minute English, Neil and Rosie discuss romance in Rome.
This week's question:
What is the name of the river which runs through Rome? Is it:
a) The Tiber
b) The Danube
c) The Rhine
Listen out for the answer at the end of the programme.

Listen

End of Section

Vocabulary

SHOW ALL | HIDE ALL
everlasting
lasting forever
caught on
became popular 
bolt cutters
device like strong scissors for cutting through metal
council
local government
sentimental
emotional
rust
the orange substance which appears on metal when exposed to water and air
corroding
slowly becoming damaged




















































Neil: Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm
Neil and with me today is Rosie.
Rosie: Hello there.
Neil: Now Rosie, a slightly personal question to start with, but have you ever made a special gesture to someone you love?
Rosie: Well, Neil I’m a very romantic person and I always make small gestures to people I love. For instance, I like leaving small, romantic notes to my boyfriend around the house.
Neil: Well, that is very romantic! Have you ever been to Rome?
Rosie: Yes, I have. I lived in Rome for two months a few years ago and loved it.
Neil: Oh, right. Well, some people say that Rome is one of the most romantic cities in the world. In this programme we’ll be discussing romance and
Rome, but before that…
Rosie: It wouldn’t be 6 Minute English without a quiz question, would it?
Neil: And here it is. What is the name of the river which runs through Rome? Is it:
a) The Tiber
b) The Danube
c) The Rhine
Rosie: Neil, your questions are getting really, really easy. Of course the answer is
a) The Tiber.
Neil: Well, I didn’t know that you lived in Rome, did I? We’ll find out at the end of the programme.
Rosie: So, romance and Rome. It sounds like an interesting story.
Neil: It is. It’s about a gesture of love and a bridge in Rome. Listen to the first part of this report from the BBC’s Alan Johnson. What exactly do people
do on this bridge?
Insert
It began with a scene in a book. A young couple came here to the ancient Ponte Milvio  bridge. They put a bicycle lock around a lamp post, and then tossed the key down into the Tiber. They were meant to have locked themselves together in everlasting love. And the idea caught on. Rome's romantics started copying the gesture.

Neil: So, what gesture of love do people leave on the bridge, Rosie?
Rosie: They leave a small lock attached to the bridge. The idea came from a book
– it symbolises a couple locking themselves together in everlasting love.
Neil: Everlasting love. It means lasting forever.
Rosie: That seems appropriate as they call Rome ‘The Eternal City’.
Neil: It's a romantic gesture that's really caught on!
Rosie: Yes, it’s caught on – meaning it’s become popular – but perhaps a little too popular. I wonder how many people have made this gesture over the years.
Neil: Let’s listen to the second part of this BBC report. What does the reporter describe seeing?
Insert
Now I'm looking at thousands and thousands of little padlocks strung along the chains on the wall of the bridge. Each a symbol of eternal love, here in Rome, ‘The Eternal city’.
Eternal love, that is, until the city council shows up. It says the locks have to go. And as
I watch, they're being taken away by men in overalls armed with bolt cutters.
Neil: What did he see on the bridge?
Rosie: The reporter described seeing thousands and thousands of padlocks attached to the bridge – a padlock is a type of small, u-shaped lock. But now the council have sent men in overalls – armed with bolt cutters!
Neil: Bolt cutters! These are like huge and very strong scissors, used for cutting through chains and locks. They’re a very useful tool for bicycle thieves.
Rosie: Ha, bicycle thieves! Very good, Neil, you’re very funny.
Neil: What? What do you mean?
Rosie: Bicycle thieves.
Neil: Yes, bicycle thieves.
Rosie: Well, obviously you made a reference to that because it’s the name of a classic Italian film set in Rome.
Neil: No, never heard of it. Rosie, you seem to know rather a lot about Italy… Is there something you’re not revealing here?
Rosie: Mind your own business! Back to the story… The council says that the padlocks have to go. The council is the local city government.
Neil: But what about all those people in love?
Rosie: It seems that the council aren't very sentimental. They say that the fabric – or structure – of the bridge is being threatened.
Neil: Listen to the final clip of this BBC report. What do the council say is threatening the bridge?
Insert
The council says that rust from the padlocks threatens the fabric of the old bridge. The author of the book that sparked the locking tradition here says the authorities are making a big mistake. He says these symbols of love ought to be valued and respected, and left in place.
Rosie: What do the council say is threatening the bridge?
Neil: Rust from the padlocks is threatening the bridge. Rust is the orange material you get on metal when it gets wet and is then exposed to the air.
Rosie: That's right, they’re corroding, meaning they’re slowly getting damaged.
But the author of the book who sparked – or started – the idea thinks it's a mistake to remove the locks. He thinks these symbols of love should be respected and left there.
Neil: And I agree.
Rosie: Oh, you old romantic, Neil.
Neil: Time now for the quiz answer. I asked you for the name of the river which runs through Rome. Is it:
a) The Tiber
b) The Danube
c) The Rhine
Rosie: It’s a) The Tiber.
Neil: Yes, yes, yes… you were right. You seem to be right about everything,
Rosie, when it comes to Italy. So come on, reveal your secret!
Rosie: Well actually, I did live in Italy for two years and my boyfriend is Italian.
Neil: Ah, OK say that in Italian to prove it!
Rosie: OK, I will. Ho vissuto in Italia per due anni…
Neil: OK we believe you, that’s enough! Join us again for more 6 Minute English from bbclearningenglish.com. Bye for now!
Rosie: Bye!

Talking monkeys


Talking monkeys

Gelada monkeys
After humans, geladas have the most sophisticated voices
The bizarre call of the gelada monkey bears a surprising resemblance to human speech. Scientists are researching whether or not it might help us understand how early humans spoke.
Finn and Neil talk about the development of human speech, and make some silly noises.
This week's question:
What do geladas eat?
a) fish
b) grass
c) ice-cream

Listen

End of Section

Vocabulary

SHOW ALL | HIDE ALL
gargle
the noise made when liquid is moved around at the back of the throat
onomatopoeia
(using) words which sound like their meaning
origins
beginnings
primitive noises
early and simple sounds
evolutionary ancestors
early types of plant or animal before they developed into their modern forms
speech-like properties
qualities that are like speech
vocal anatomy
the physical structure of the inside of the mouth and throat
lip smacking
making sounds with the lips, tongue and teeth without using the voice
vocalisations
sounds made using the voice
small talk
conversation that is not really important, but helps people who do not know each other well pass the time
monkey business
behaviour that is silly, unacceptable or dishonest



Finn: Hello, I’m Finn. This is 6 Minute English and I’m joined this week by Neil. Hello
Neil.
(Monkey sounds)
Finn: Err, Neil?
(Monkey sounds)
Finn: Neil, are you OK?
(Monkey sounds)
Finn: Actually that wasn't Neil, you'll be glad to know, he is safe and sound here in the studio with me.
Neil: Hello. Yes, that wonderful sound you just heard was in fact a gelada – a kind of monkey – which we'll be hearing more from later in the programme.
Finn: Yes. Could the gelada monkey provide an important clue about the development of human language? But first, as always, we have a question. Neil – could you please tell me what geladas eat?
a) fish
b) grass
c) ice-cream
Neil: Well, I can see you're trying to trap me with ice-cream here, because the name of the monkey sounds like the Italian word for ice-cream. So, I'm not that stupid, I'm going to go for 'b', grass.
Finn: Wonderful knowledge of Italian there Neil. Don't worry I'm not trying to make a monkey out of you – I'm not trying to make you look stupid. Now let's listen to the gelada monkey again. How would we describe that sound?
(Gelada monkey gurgling)
Neil: Well, it sounds a bit like a gargle – a gargling noise.
Finn: Yes, it does. Gargle is a great word because it's an example of what we call onomatopoeia – a word which sounds like its meaning. Neil, gargle is the word, could you please demonstrate a gargle?
Neil: (Neil gargles)
Finn: Very good. Neil is gargling – and the sound it makes is a gargle. That's lovely!
Neil: Can I stop now?
Finn: Yes, you can stop now. Thank you very much. How about another quick example of onomatopoeia:
(Clicks mouse)
A click. Listen again. Click.
Neil: Or this, oops:
(Crash sound) A crash.
Finn: Now, anyway, let's get back to the gargling monkey. Behind the fun sound is some serious science - about the origins, or beginnings, of human speech.
Neil: Scientists from the University of Michigan believe that these gelada calls might be similar to the primitive noises – early and simple sounds – that our evolutionary ancestors made, that is – what we, humans, were before we developed into modern humans.
Finn: Dr Thore Bergman, who was the main author of the study, said that geladas make sounds which have "speech-like properties" – they have qualities which are like… speech.
Neil: And the interesting thing is – most monkeys and apes can only make the most basic noises because they don't have the vocal anatomy required – that is they don't have the physical mouth and throat parts needed – to make more complex sounds.
Finn: All other monkeys and apes can do is called lip smacking – rapidly moving their jaws, lips and their tongues. And I think, Neil, it's time for another demonstration please.
Neil: (Neil making lip smacking noises)
Finn: Lip smacking, very nice.
Neil: The gelada, on the other hand, is the only one that can produce vocalisations – or sounds from the vocal chords in the throat while doing this.
Finn: That’s it! So – lip smacking and vocalisations – together are maybe a possible step between the sounds of other monkeys – and human speech.
Neil: Though there is a question – the scientists don't know yet what the noises mean exactly. They believe the noises might be used the way humans use small talk – chatting about things that are not really important – to help the monkey societies feel more closely bonded or connected.
Finn: That’s right, so, small talk, things like saying: "Fine day, isn't it?"
Neil: "Not bad, not bad. How are the kids, Finn?"
Finn: "Oh yeah, keeping me awake all night."
Neil: "Oh yes, I know the feeling."
Finn: Or as you would say in gelada:
(Gelada gargle)
Finn: I think that's quite enough monkey business for one day – quite enough of us being silly, wouldn't you say? Neil, earlier I asked you what geladas eat. Was it:
a) fish
b) grass
c) ice-cream
Neil: And I am not stupid so I'm going to go for 'b' grass.
Finn: And you're right, they are herbivores, they eat grass. Anyway, before we go let's run through the words and phrases one more time.
Neil: gargle
onomatopoeia
origins
primitive noises
evolutionary ancestors
vocal anatomy
lip smacking
vocalisations
small talk
monkey business
Finn: Thanks Neil. Sadly, it's time to go. So please join us again soon for more 6 Minute
English from BBC Learning English.
Both: (Gargle).









Tuesday, 9 April 2013

US National Film Registry




Hollywood
Every year 25 films are entered into the US National Film Registry for preservation.
Jennifer and Neil talk about the films they like and about the United States National Film Registry. Every year it adds about twenty-five titles to its list. The selected films are all of lasting cultural, historical and aesthetic importance.
This week's question: Taking into account inflation, which film has made more money than any other in the history of cinema? Is it:
a) Avatar
b) Gone with the Wind
c) Titanic
Listen out for the answer at the end of the programme!

Listen

US National Film Registry
End of Section

Vocabulary

SHOW ALL | HIDE ALL
a film buff
a person who is very interested in films and knows a lot about them
art-house
films which are made by small companies and are not usually seen by a wide audience
blockbuster
a very successful film financially
aesthetic
concerned with beauty and art and the understanding of beautiful things
orphaned
made parentless through death
grief
a feeling of great sadness, especially when somebody dies
for posterity
for all the people who will live in the future






















































Transcript:
Neil: Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil and with me today is Jennifer.
Jennifer: Hi Neil.
Neil: Now we're talking about films today. Are you a film buff, Jennifer?
Jennifer: A buff is someone who's very interested in a certain subject and knows a lot about it. I do like watching films both at the cinema and at home, but I wouldn't really say I'm a film buff because I don't have a lot of knowledge. What about you Neil?
Neil: Likewise, I do enjoy the cinema; though Hollywood movies aren't really my favourite. I do like a good art-house film though. The movies we're talking about in today's programme aren't any old films. We're talking about the United States National Film Registry. But before we get onto that I have a quiz question for you,
Jennifer. Are you ready?
Jennifer: Go on then.
Neil: Taking into account inflation, which is the amount money loses value over time, which film has made more money than any other in the history of cinema? Is it:
a) Avatar
b) Gone with the Wind
c) Titanic
Jennifer: That's a difficult one but I think it will be 'Titanic'. I remember it coming out in the cinema around 1998 and everyone I knew would have to go and see it. So I think it must be that one.
Neil: Well, we'll find out the answer to that at the end of the programme. Now, before that question, I was talking about the United States National Film Registry. Every year it adds about twenty-five titles to its list.
Jennifer: The films aren't always famous blockbusters and sometimes haven't been seen for decades.
Neil: That's true, the films aren't always famous blockbusters – a blockbuster is usually an American film which makes lots of money.
Jennifer: But the films do have this in common: it's been decided that they are all of lasting cultural, historical and aesthetic importance.
Neil: Yes, the US National Film Registry has decided that all the films are of lasting cultural and historical importance for the United Stated. They're also beautiful and artistic – so they're 'of aesthetic importance'. Here's more from the BBC's Arts Reporter, Vincent Dowd

Vincent Dowd, Arts Reporter, BBC
Seventy years on the US National Film Registry has placed it on its list of historically important American films. The list's been going since 1989 and around 25 titles are added annually. In part it's to ensure they get the highest level of preservation: not really a problem with a much rereleased Disney classic. But even well-known films sometimes need securing for posterity.

Neil: That was the BBC's Arts Reporter, Vincent Dowd. He was talking about 'Bambi' which is seventy years old but it's just been added to the Registry's list, although the list was started in about 1989. 'Bambi' is an animated film. You know, Jennifer,
I think it was one of the first films my parents took me to see – so for me anyway it's of historical importance!
Jennifer: Do you remember what you thought of it at the time?
Neil: Well for those listeners who haven't seen it, Bambi is a little deer who becomes orphaned, meaning its parents died. I was tiny, but I loved it and learned important lessons from it about grief, family and friends.
Jennifer: Grief is a feeling of great sadness. Well, perhaps I'd better watch it.
Neil: What, you mean you've never seen 'Bambi'?! I can't believe that! You've got to go home and watch it immediately!
Jennifer: OK I will, though it sounds like it might make me cry!
Neil: I think there's no shame in crying about Bambi! Now luckily for you, Jennifer, the
US National Film Registry helps to make such old films available to future generations by looking after them in the best way possible. As the reporter
Vincent Dowd said: films "get the highest level of preservation"
Jennifer: He says "even well-known films need securing for posterity".
Neil: That's right, even famous films need to be made safe – or secure - for future generations, or as the reporter said: "for posterity". And let's just listen to that clip from the BBC's Arts Reporter Vincent Dowd once again:
Vincent Dowd, Arts Reporter, BBC
...
Neil: That was the BBC's Arts Reporter Vincent Dowd talking about the film 'Bambi'
Jennifer: Well, we had a look at the list to find out which films were on it before the latest 2011 additions.
Neil: And Jennifer has a few titles for us, of films which caught her eye. Tell us about an early film memory.
Jennifer: Well, an early film memory for me is 'ET', which was made in 1982 and added to the registry in 1994. It's about an alien which lands on earth and befriends a young boy. I like it because it's a real heart-warming tale of friendship and it's a great story.
Neil: Anything else on the list you like?
Jennifer: 'The Sound of Music' from 1965. That was added to the registry in 2001. It's a musical about a nun that looks after a family and it's great fun. And then as a complete contrast there's 'Psycho' from 1960 which was added to the registry in 1992. It's a thriller and it's really scary.
Neil: Yes it's absolutely terrifying, isn't it? Well, we've just got time now for the answer to the quiz question I asked you at the beginning. It was: taking into account inflation, which film has made more money than any other in the history of cinema? Is it:
a) Avatar
b) Gone with the Wind
c) Titanic
Jennifer: Well I said, I thought it would be 'Titanic'.
Neil: And you were wrong, I'm afraid. The answer is 'Gone with the Wind', which didn't make as much money as 'Avatar', but if you take into account inflation it has.
Thank you for joining us and listen to more 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Bye!
Jennifer: Bye!