Thursday 24 October 2013

The secret of happiness


Happy pensioners
What are the secrets to making us happy?
How are you feeling today? Do you need cheering up? There's good news from Holland that says we could make ourselves happier!
Studies from all over the world have been put together by the World Happiness Database in Rotterdam and Rob and Finn discuss the results. They find out why we may be looking for happiness in the wrong places and that being unhappy is always a bad thing.
This week's question:
The World Happiness Database has ranked countries in order of how happy their people are - or to be more precise - their 'satisfaction with life'. Do you know which country came top of the list? Was it:
a) Finland
b) Canada
c) Costa Rica
Listen to the programme to find out the answer.

down in the dumps
feeling miserable or unhappy
happy-go-lucky
describes someone who doesn't worry about the future
satisfaction
the good feeling you get when you get something you want
a state of mind
how someone feels about their life at the present time
content
feel happy or pleased with the situation
materialistic
believing money and possessions are the most important things
goals
things you want to achieve
hectic
busy, lots of things going on
rewarding
a feeling of satisfaction and pleasure
wiser
gained the ability to make good judgements based on life experience
comforting
making you feel less sad or worried


Homesickness


A man with a map
More and more of us are choosing to study or work away from our hometown, which can lead to feelings of homesickness. But what can you do if you're feeling homesick?
Jennifer and Finn discuss some things that you can do to relieve the feelings of homesickness and to keep in touch with your family and friends back home.
This week's question:
What percentage of students feel homesickness during their first few months away from home?
a) 50%
b) 60%
c) 70%
Listen to the programme to find out the answer.

homesickness
the feeling of missing home
lonely
feeling that you are alone
isolated
cut off
stressful
causing worry, upset or anger
to pine for something
to miss something very much
familiar faces
people that you know
panic attacks
feeling panicky and breathless
to withdraw from something
to step back from something
to stay in touch
to keep in contact with friends or family
ex pat communities
groups of people from the same country who live abroad



Road safety for cyclists


Bikes
Bikes for hire in London
More and more people are using bikes to commute to work or university. Cycling is a cheap way to travel and a good way to get fit. But it can also be dangerous. Join Jen and Neil as they discuss ways to be safer on the roads.
This week's question:
A record number of bikes were hired on one day during the London Olympic Games in 2012. But how many times were bikes borrowed on this day? Was it:
a) 15,000
b) 31,000
c) 47,000
Find out the answer at the end of the programme.
to commute
to travel to work
a folding bike
a bicycle which can be made smaller so that it can be carried
heavy traffic
lots of vehicles on a road
vehicles
cars, buses, lorries and taxis
helmet cameras
small cameras attached to a protective hat worn by cyclists
footage
something which has been filmed
insurance
a way of protecting you financially if you have an accident
peace of mind
a feeling of being calm or not being worried
The Highway Code
a set of rules that drivers and cyclists must follow
fluorescent clothing
bright, reflective clothes

NB: This is not a word-for-word transcript
Jennifer: Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English from bbclearningenglish.com. My name is Jennifer and I’m joined in the studio by Neil.
Neil: Hello. In this programme, we look at a story in the news and teach you some new vocabulary and expressions along the way. 
Jennifer: In this episode, we’re going to be talking about cycling and how to keep safe on the road. Do you cycle, Neil?
Neil: Yes I do. I use my bike to commute, or travel to work. It’s quite a long journey, but it’s much cheaper than taking the Tube or the train. What about you, Jen?
Jennifer: Well I’ve just bought a folding bike – that’s a bike that you can take apart, fold up and carry if you don’t want to ride it. For me, it’s a good way to get fit.
Neil: A folding bike is very handy. But they are very expensive. 
Jennifer: You can hire bicycles for short journeys in London. It leads me on to today’s question.
Neil: OK, what is it?
Jennifer: A record number of bikes were hired on one day during the London Olympic Games in 2012. But how many times were bikes borrowed on this day? Was it:
a) 15,000
b) 31,000
c) 47,000
Neil: Well, those are all very high numbers, but I'm going to guess c) 47,000. 
Jennifer: We’ll find out if you’re right at the end of the programme. So, let’s go back to our story about cycling. We’ve said that the advantages are that it is a good way to get fit and a cheap way to travel. But, are there any disadvantages?
Neil: I suppose that it can be a dangerous way to travel if you're cycling in a city centre, especially in heavy traffic. Heavy traffic means lots of cars or other vehicles on the road. 
Jennifer: Many cyclists now wear helmet cameras – a device attached to their cycling helmet – so that they can film people who drive dangerously. 
Neil: Listen to this clip of London cyclist Ben Porter. Why did he start using a helmet camera? 
Ben Porter, cyclist
I first got the camera because I’d had trouble convincing friends and family of what actually happened on the roads, and I’d thought that having a camera and footage would be a good way of explaining what it’s like to be a cyclist on the road. I always saw it as some form of insurance and it did feel like, as a cyclist, I didn’t have as much behind me as, say, a car driver with an insurance company.
Jennifer: So, that was cyclist Ben Porter. He said he thought that having a camera and footage would be a good way to explain what it’s like to be a cyclist on the road.
Neil: Footage is what a video camera records. When the camera is attached to your head, the footage shows the journey from your point of view.
Jennifer: Ben Porter gave another reason why he started to use the camera. Did you hear what it was?
Neil: He said it was a form of insurance. That means it gives the cyclist a form of protection.
Jennifer: Let’s hear that clip of Ben again. Listen this time for the words ‘footage’ and ‘insurance’. 
Ben Porter, cyclist
I first got the camera because I’d had trouble convincing friends and family of what actually happened on the roads, and I’d thought that having a camera and footage would be a good way of explaining what it’s like to be a cyclist on the road. I always saw it as some form of insurance and it did feel like, as a cyclist, I didn’t have as much behind me as, say, a car driver with an insurance company.
Neil: So, Ben got the camera so that he could show what it’s like to be a cyclist on the road, and also to protect himself from blame if there was an accident.
Jennifer: Having a camera can give you peace of mind – it can make you feel safer in terms of the law – but it can’t stop you from being hit by a car. How do you think cyclists could be safer, Neil?
Neil: I think that both cyclists and drivers need to pay attention to The Highway Code. The Highway Code is a list of rules that drivers and cyclists must obey – or do. How do you think cyclists could be safer? 
Jennifer: I think it’s important to be visible – for other road users to know you’re there. Many people wear fluorescent clothing which is very bright and reflective…
Neil: And don’t forget – a helmet could save your life! 
Jennifer: Time now to get the answer to the quiz. I asked how many bicycles were borrowed on one day in London during the 2012 Olympics. Was it:
a) 15,000
b) 31,000
c) 47,000
Neil: And I guessed c) 47,000.
Jennifer: And you were right!
Neil: Aha!
Jennifer: On that day alone, bikes were hired 47,105 times.
Neil: Well, that is a lot of cycling. There must have been lots of tired people in London that day.
Jennifer: I’m sure! Do join us again for another edition of 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Bye!
Neil: Bye!



Monkeys 'talk in turns'


Summary

18 October 2013
Recordings of monkeys calling to one another have revealed that they take it in turns to make sounds, in a pattern very similar to human conversation. Scientists from Princeton University recorded marmosets as they called each other. The animals would wait several seconds before responding.
Reporter:
Victoria Gill
Marmoset monkey
They can chat too

Report

(Sound made by a monkey)

These very high-pitched squeaks could provide a clue about the evolutionary route of our own conversational turn-taking.

The Princeton University team recorded these exchanges between marmosets as they sat in opposite corners of a room. The animals were separated by a curtain, so they could hear but not see one another.

After one of the diminutive monkeys called out, the other waited several seconds before responding.

(Sounds made by a two monkeys, one after the other)

The scientists suggest that sounds might contain information that the listener needs to take time to digest.

Whatever the reason for this polite pausing, these simple, squeaky exchanges could illustrate the foundations of the way we communicate - by talking and, perhaps more importantly, listening.

high-pitched
(of a sound or voice) very high
evolutionary route
gradual change and development over time
turn-taking
from one to another
exchanges
brief conversations
diminutive
very small
to digest
to consider
foundations
basic elements

Canadian wins Nobel Prize for Literature


Summary

11 October 2013
This year's Nobel Prize for Literature has gone to the Canadian writer Alice Munro. She is highly praised for her short stories which focus on life in the part of Canada where she has spent most of her time.
Reporter:
Vincent Dowd
A book
Alice Munro has been writing since the late 60s

Report

Aged 82, Alice Munro has for several years been mentioned as apotential Nobel laureate. The Swedish Academy, which makes the award, spoke of her "finely-tuned storytelling, characterised byclarity and psychological realism."

Alice Munro has published many books of stories since the late 1960s. And she has often been compared to Anton Chekhov: for many, the greatest of all short-story writers.

She writes almost entirely about society and families and the passing of time in the part of Ottawa which she has known all her life. She is the first Canadian to take the prize: Saul Bellow, who won in 1976, was Canadian-born but became an American citizen.

Alice Munro gave her reaction soon after hearing news of the award, at home.

Alice Munro:
"It is so surprising and so wonderful, and I don't think I knew that I was even on the list or anything until maybe yesterday. My daughter woke me up, she said: 'Mum, you won!' I kind of wasdazed about what had I won, but I came to my senses."

Alice Munro will get prize money of 8 million Swedish kroner, that's around 1.2 million US dollars. She is only the 13th woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature since it began in 1901.

potential
possible or likely
laureate
a person who has been given a high-level award for their ability or achievements (such as a Nobel Prize)
finely-tuned
having made many small changes to make something as good as possible
characterised by
usually including
entirely
completely
Canadian-born
born in Canada; usually the suffix '...-born' is used to show that someone was born in a place but no longer lives there
dazed
unable to think clearly
came to my senses
started thinking clearly (and understood what was happening)

Ocean life under threat


Summary

21 February 2012
There's heightened concern about the future state of the world's oceans. New research indicates that if seawater continues to acidify at the rate currently seen then the marine environment could lose about 30% of the diverse life forms that exist within it by the end of the century. The research was presented at a major meeting in Vancouver.
Reporter
Jonathan Amos

Report

Much of the carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere through fossil fuel burning is being absorbed by the seas. It's acidifying the waters, corroding the shells and skeletons of corals, sea urchins and similar species. Scientists want to know how conditions might deteriorate in the future and have been looking at underwater volcanoes, where C02 naturally bubbles through the water.
The level of acidification in these places simulates what the global oceans might look like if we keep on emitting carbon dioxide. And the new data gathered by a Plymouth University team indicates the world's oceans could lose up to 30% of their biodiversity by 2100. Dr Jason-Hall Spencer led the research at volcanic vents in Europe, the US and in Asia.
CLIP: "What we notice, unfortunately, is there're very dramatic shifts in the ecosystem. There's a tipping point that occurs at about the levels of ocean acidification we expect to see at the end of this century, but even before that - even within the next few years - the water becomes corrosive to the shells of organisms, and some corals can't survive."
The scientists warn that the rates of change seen in our oceans are unprecedented in the recent Earth history, and the damage our seas are on course to sustain could take thousands, even millions, of years to correct.
coral reef
The seawater acidification may endanger world's oceans biodiversity


Vocabulary

SHOW ALL | HIDE ALL
absorbed
taken in
corroding
gradually destroying
simulates
creates particular conditions that exist in real life using computers, models, etc, for research
deteriorate
become worse
emitting
giving off, releasing
indicates
shows
biodiversity
the existence of many different kinds of animals and plants
dramatic shifts
big changes
a tipping point
the point at which many small changes reach a level where a further small change has a very great effect
unprecedented
has not happened before

Chimpanzee tantrums


Summary

31 May 2013
Scientists in the US have found that chimpanzees become upset when they make the wrong decisions. Researchers from Duke University designed decision-making games for chimpanzees and bonobos, where the animals could win edible treats. Those that lost appeared to lose their temper.

Reporter:
Victoria Gill
Chimpanzee

Report

The Duke University team designed two games - one to test patience and the other assessing risk-taking.

The second was a sort of gambling game where the forty chimps and bonobos the team studied were offered a choice between a safe option - six peanuts hidden under a bowl - or a risky option. The second bowl concealed either a slice of cucumber or a much tastier piece of banana, and that prize wasn't revealed until the ape had made its choice.

When one chimp, named Timi, gambled and got the cucumber, he threw what looked and sounded very much like a tantrum. Although some were more stoic than Timi, many of the animals involved showed an emotional response to a bad decision - anxiously scratching themselves or calling out.

The study, the scientists say, suggests that emotions like frustration and regret - so fundamental to our own decisions - are not uniquely human, but are an important and ancient part of ape society.

Vocabulary

SHOW ALL | HIDE ALL
patience
the ability to keep calm
risk-taking
taking a chance; making a decision where the result might be good or bad
a safe option
a choice which is not risky
concealed
hidden
revealed
shown
a tantrum
a period of anger without control
frustration
feeling annoyed
regret
feeling of sadness about a decision you have made
fundamental
important
uniquely
only